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    A PID-based line follower robot uses Proportional, Integral, and Derivative control to follow a track smoothly and at higher speeds compared to simple on/off (bang-bang) control. The Arduino reads sensor data, calculates the deviation from the desired path, and adjusts motor speeds accordingly.

    Building and Programming Steps

    1. Hardware Setup

    • Microcontroller: Arduino Nano/Uno/Pro Mini

    • Sensors: QTR-8RC Reflectance Sensor Array for line detection

    • Motor Driver: DRV8835 or L298N

    • Motors: DC gear motors with wheels + caster wheel

    • Connect sensor outputs to Arduino digital pins, motor driver inputs to PWM-capable pins, and power supply (e.g., 7.4V Li-Po).

    2. Sensor Calibration Before running PID, calibrate sensors to detect the darkest (line) and lightest (background) surfaces:

    for (uint16_t i = 0; i < 400; i++) {
    qtr.calibrate();
    }
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    This ensures accurate position readings.

    3. PID Control Logic The PID formula:

    correction = (Kp * error) + (Ki * sum_of_errors) + (Kd * change_in_error)
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    Where:

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  2. Arduino Project Hub
    https://projecthub.arduino.cc

    Line Follower Robot (with PID controller) - Arduino Project Hub

    The line following algorithm is quite simple. If the position is higher or lower than 3500, then the robot must turn left or right. 1 - position ≈ 7000; 2 - position ≈ 3500; 3 - positio…
    Overview

    Line Follower Robot (with PID controller) An autonomous high speed line follower robot based on PID control. Components and supplies Tools and machines Apps and platforms Project description Line following robots are one of the most simplistic type…

    Hardware

    In this project, I used all the components shown in the Hardware section. In addition, I used a custom PCB sketched by me, which replaces the breadboard and the enormous amount of wires. Finally, I designed 3D parts that connect all the co…

    Planning The Design of The Robot

    First of all, I made this robot with the thought that it will have to respect certain rules of the competition - the robot must not have dimensions higher than 30x30 cm and the curve radius of the track must be at least 7.5 cm - some examples of the track…

    Sensors

    If you want to watch a code development from zero that I made for this robot (which explains all the wiring, hardware and how to combine everything to make a functional autonomous line follower): To use the QTR-8RC reflectance sensor array within an Ar…

  3. Teach Me Microcontrollers
    https://www.teachmemicro.com › implementing-pid-for-a-lin…

    Implementing PID for a Line Follower Robot

    Jul 17, 2024 · I’ve introduced how to implement PID using an Arduino microcontroller. Now, I’ll be applying PID in the design of a beginner robot project, …

  4. emergingtechs.org
    https://emergingtechs.org › arduino-line-follower-robot-with …

    Arduino line follower robot with PID control

    Feb 10, 2025 · In this article, we’ll explore how to design and build an Arduino line follower robot with PID (Proportional, Integral, Derivative) control for precision and …

  5. Circuit Digest
    https://circuitdigest.com › ... › arduino-uno-line-follower-robot

    Line Follower Robot using Arduino UNO: How to Build …

    Sep 14, 2021 · Learn how to make a line follower robot using Arduino UNO with complete code, circuit diagram, and components list. Perfect for beginners with …

  6. Instructables
    https://www.instructables.com › Make-a-FAST-Line-Followe…

    Make a FAST Line Follower Robot Using PID! - Instructables

    Make a FAST Line Follower Robot Using PID!: Making a line follower robot is a great way to get started with robotics and arduino. But I had assumed it was a simple …

  7. electro4u.net
    https://electro4u.net › blog

    "Arduino Line Follower Robot with PID Controller" - Electro4u

    May 13, 2023 · How to Make a Line Follower Robot with PID Controller using Arduino? The following tutorial will show you how to make your own line follower robot with PID controller using Arduino.

  8. Hackster.io
    https://www.hackster.io › line-follower-robot-with-pid...

    Line Follower Robot (with PID controller) - Hackster.io

    Aug 11, 2020 · If you want to watch a code development from zero that I made for this robot (which explains all the wiring, hardware and how to combine everything …

  9. Github
    https://github.com › mostafayossrii › LFR

    GitHub - mostafayossrii/LFR: Line Follower Robot Using …

    This repository contains the code and instructions for building a line follower robot using an Arduino Uno, an L298N motor driver, and a 5-array IR sensor. The robot …

  10. YouTube
    https://www.youtube.com › watch

    I made a SUPER FAST Line Follower Robot Using PID!

    Jul 13, 2023 · In this video, we'll be learning how to use the PID algorithm to make a line follower robot FAST. Using arduino, motor drivers and chassis, we'll put …

  11. Engineers Garage
    https://www.engineersgarage.com › arduino-uno-driven-pid …

    Arduino UNO driven PID Line Follower - Engineers Garage

    Aug 25, 2017 · The PID controlled line follower designed in this tutorial is built on Arduino UNO and has the algorithm implemented within the Arduino Sketch. The …

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