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  1. The Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern is a widely used architectural approach in Java applications that separates an application into three interconnected components — Model, View, and Controller — to improve modularity, maintainability, and scalability.

    Model handles the application's data and business logic, View manages the presentation layer, and Controller processes user input, updating the Model and View accordingly. This separation allows independent development and testing of each layer.

    Example Implementation in Java

    // Model
    class Student {
    private String rollNo;
    private String name;

    public String getRollNo() { return rollNo; }
    public void setRollNo(String rollNo) { this.rollNo = rollNo; }
    public String getName() { return name; }
    public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; }
    }

    // View
    class StudentView {
    public void printStudentDetails(String studentName, String studentRollNo) {
    System.out.println("Student:");
    System.out.println("Name: " + studentName);
    System.out.println("Roll No: " + studentRollNo);
    }
    }

    // Controller
    class StudentController {
    private Student model;
    private StudentView view;

    public StudentController(Student model, StudentView view) {
    this.model = model;
    this.view = view;
    }
    public void setStudentName(String name) { model.setName(name); }
    public String getStudentName() { return model.getName(); }
    public void setStudentRollNo(String rollNo) { model.setRollNo(rollNo); }
    public String getStudentRollNo() { return model.getRollNo(); }
    public void updateView() {
    view.printStudentDetails(model.getName(), model.getRollNo());
    }
    }

    // Main
    public class MVCPattern {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    Student model = retrieveStudentFromDatabase();
    StudentView view = new StudentView();
    StudentController controller = new StudentController(model, view);

    controller.updateView();
    controller.setStudentName("Vikram Sharma");
    controller.updateView();
    }
    private static Student retrieveStudentFromDatabase() {
    Student student = new Student();
    student.setName("Lokesh Sharma");
    student.setRollNo("15UCS157");
    return student;
    }
    }
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